What is a phytonutrient?

Phytonutrients, also known as phytochemicals, are natural compounds found in plants that benefit human health. Derived from the Greek word ‘phyto’ meaning plant, these nutrients encompass a diverse array of chemical compounds produced by plants for various purposes, including defense against environmental threats such as pests, diseases and UV radiation.

There are thousands of phytonutrients identified in various plant foods, and they can be categorized into several groups based on their chemical structure and biological activity. Common classes of phytonutrients include flavonoids, carotenoids, phenolic acids, glucosinolates and phytoestrogens, among others. Each class of phytonutrient offers unique health benefits and may exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and other protective effects in the body.

One of the well-known groups of phytonutrients is flavonoids, which are abundant in fruits, vegetables, tea, wine, and cocoa. Flavonoids have been associated with reduced risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Carotenoids, responsible for the vibrant colors in many fruits and vegetables, are another important class of phytonutrients. Beta-carotene, lycopene, and lutein are some well-known carotenoids that have been linked to eye health, immune function and cardiovascular health.

Phenolic acids, found in fruits, vegetables, whole grains and legumes, contribute to the antioxidant capacity of plant-based foods and may help reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as cancer and heart disease.

Glucosinolates, predominantly found in cruciferous vegetables like broccoli, cabbage and kale, are known for their potential anti-cancer properties, particularly in preventing certain types of cancers such as lung, colorectal and breast cancer.

Phytoestrogens, found in soybeans and soy products, mimic the activity of estrogen in the body and have been studied for their potential benefits in relieving menopausal symptoms and reducing the risk of hormone-related cancers.