Common nutrient deficiencies

Nutrient deficiencies can have significant health implications, including issues with growth and development, fertility, brain function and fluid regulation. The most prevalent nutrient deficiencies vary between different countries, largely due to the availability of foods, national economy, and cultural dietary patterns.

Here are some of the most common nutrient deficiencies observed across the world.

Iron deficiency

Iron deficiency is one of the most widespread nutrient deficiencies across the world. It can lead to iron deficiency anemia, which manifests in symptoms of fatigue, weakness, pale skin, cold insensitivity, and impaired cognitive function. Foods rich in iron include red meat, poultry, fish, beans and leafy green vegetables.

Vitamin D deficiency

Populations within many countries are deficient in vitamin D, predominantly those with less sunlight, such as countries in the upper Northern Hemisphere. Vitamin D is a pre-prohormone that is crucial for bone metabolism, calcium and phosphate balance and immune function. Fatty fish, fortified dairy products, and sun exposure are sources of vitamin D.

Iodine deficiency

Iodine is necessary for thyroid function. Deficiencies lead to fatigue, cognitive impairment, brittle nails, thinning hair and goiter.  Iodized salt, seafood, and dairy products are great sources of iodine.

Calcium deficiency

Calcium is essential for bone health, muscle function, and nerve function. A deficiency in this key mineral can lead to weak bones and the development of osteopenia and osteoporosis. Dairy products, leafy greens, and fortified plant-based milk are abundant in calcium.

Folate (vitamin B9) deficiency

Folate is essential for DNA synthesis and red blood cell (RBC) production. It is also vital during fetal development and prevents neural tube defects. A deficiency in folate during pregnancy can lead to a neural tube defect in the growing fetus. Foods rich in folate include leafy greens, legumes and fortified grains.